Process Creation, #5：copy_process()
Before We Start
Trace Linux kernel 時，有幾個相當重要的原則要掌握住：
- 不要對 Linux kernel 做逐行的研讀（trace line-by-line、最忌諱的做法），而是掌握我們想要了解的核心觀念，並針對此核心觀念來了解相關的實作細節。
- 必須整理觀念與程式碼的對應，但並不是要大家對原始碼做逐行註解，而是針對細部觀念，將相關的實作片斷整理出來即可。
- 每個 kernel API 的實作原本就會包含許多的「OS 基礎概念與理論」，例如：mutex、semaphore、locking 等等。與這些基礎知識相關的程式碼，本來就是屬於整體的部份，所以應該「跳脫」個別的 kernel API 實作。
- 如 3.，也就是說，如果我原本就懂這些東西，就應該很清楚了解這些「片段程式碼」的作用，應避免「完美主意」作祟：不要急於看懂這些片斷的程式細節，以免因小失大。
- 如 3.，如果我原本就不懂這些東西，可以試著把這些程式碼當做「黑盒子」來看待。這樣的，這也是「學習方法」的問題，並非要刻意逃避這些自己不懂的東西。
以本日記為例，我們想要了解 Linux kernel 如何產生新的 process，而其中的關鍵便是 copy_process() 函數。但是，目前我們在做的是 sys_fork() 的 trace，而 sys_fork() 並不指定任何的 clone_flags 參數值，因此，在 trace copy_process() 的過程中，我們可以先行略過與 clone_flags 有關的特定處理。
copy_process()
以下是 copy_process() 的完整實作，我把現階段可略過的部份標示為灰體字。
/*
* This creates a new process as a copy of the old one,
* but does not actually start it yet.
*
* It copies the registers, and all the appropriate
* parts of the process environment (as per the clone
* flags). The actual kick-off is left to the caller.
*/
static task_t *copy_process(unsigned long clone_flags,
unsigned long stack_start,
struct pt_regs *regs,
unsigned long stack_size,
int __user *parent_tidptr,
int __user *child_tidptr,
int pid)
{
int retval;
struct task_struct *p = NULL;
if ((clone_flags & (CLONE_NEWNS|CLONE_FS)) == (CLONE_NEWNS|CLONE_FS))
return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
/*
* Thread groups must share signals as well, and detached threads
* can only be started up within the thread group.
*/
if ((clone_flags & CLONE_THREAD) && !(clone_flags & CLONE_SIGHAND))
return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
/*
* Shared signal handlers imply shared VM. By way of the above,
* thread groups also imply shared VM. Blocking this case allows
* for various simplifications in other code.
*/
if ((clone_flags & CLONE_SIGHAND) && !(clone_flags & CLONE_VM))
return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
retval = security_task_create(clone_flags);
if (retval)
goto fork_out;
retval = -ENOMEM;
p = dup_task_struct(current);
if (!p)
goto fork_out;
retval = -EAGAIN;
if (atomic_read(&p->user->processes) >=
p->signal->rlim[RLIMIT_NPROC].rlim_cur) {
if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN) && !capable(CAP_SYS_RESOURCE) &&
p->user != &root_user)
goto bad_fork_free;
}
atomic_inc(&p->user->__count);
atomic_inc(&p->user->processes);
get_group_info(p->group_info);
/*
* If multiple threads are within copy_process(), then this check
* triggers too late. This doesn't hurt, the check is only there
* to stop root fork bombs.
*/
if (nr_threads >= max_threads)
goto bad_fork_cleanup_count;
if (!try_module_get(task_thread_info(p)->exec_domain->module))
goto bad_fork_cleanup_count;
if (p->binfmt && !try_module_get(p->binfmt->module))
goto bad_fork_cleanup_put_domain;
p->did_exec = 0;
copy_flags(clone_flags, p);
p->pid = pid;
retval = -EFAULT;
if (clone_flags & CLONE_PARENT_SETTID)
if (put_user(p->pid, parent_tidptr))
goto bad_fork_cleanup;
p->proc_dentry = NULL;
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&p->children);
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&p->sibling);
p->vfork_done = NULL;
spin_lock_init(&p->alloc_lock);
spin_lock_init(&p->proc_lock);
clear_tsk_thread_flag(p, TIF_SIGPENDING);
init_sigpending(&p->pending);
p->utime = cputime_zero;
p->stime = cputime_zero;
p->sched_time = 0;
p->rchar = 0; /* I/O counter: bytes read */
p->wchar = 0; /* I/O counter: bytes written */
p->syscr = 0; /* I/O counter: read syscalls */
p->syscw = 0; /* I/O counter: write syscalls */
acct_clear_integrals(p);
p->it_virt_expires = cputime_zero;
p->it_prof_expires = cputime_zero;
p->it_sched_expires = 0;
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&p->cpu_timers[0]);
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&p->cpu_timers[1]);
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&p->cpu_timers[2]);
p->lock_depth = -1; /* -1 = no lock */
do_posix_clock_monotonic_gettime(&p->start_time);
p->security = NULL;
p->io_context = NULL;
p->io_wait = NULL;
p->audit_context = NULL;
cpuset_fork(p);
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
p->mempolicy = mpol_copy(p->mempolicy);
if (IS_ERR(p->mempolicy)) {
retval = PTR_ERR(p->mempolicy);
p->mempolicy = NULL;
goto bad_fork_cleanup_cpuset;
}
mpol_fix_fork_child_flag(p);
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_MUTEXES
p->blocked_on = NULL; /* not blocked yet */
#endif
p->tgid = p->pid;
if (clone_flags & CLONE_THREAD)
p->tgid = current->tgid;
if ((retval = security_task_alloc(p)))
goto bad_fork_cleanup_policy;
if ((retval = audit_alloc(p)))
goto bad_fork_cleanup_security;
/* copy all the process information */
if ((retval = copy_semundo(clone_flags, p)))
goto bad_fork_cleanup_audit;
if ((retval = copy_files(clone_flags, p)))
goto bad_fork_cleanup_semundo;
if ((retval = copy_fs(clone_flags, p)))
goto bad_fork_cleanup_files;
if ((retval = copy_sighand(clone_flags, p)))
goto bad_fork_cleanup_fs;
if ((retval = copy_signal(clone_flags, p)))
goto bad_fork_cleanup_sighand;
if ((retval = copy_mm(clone_flags, p)))
goto bad_fork_cleanup_signal;
if ((retval = copy_keys(clone_flags, p)))
goto bad_fork_cleanup_mm;
if ((retval = copy_namespace(clone_flags, p)))
goto bad_fork_cleanup_keys;
retval = copy_thread(0, clone_flags, stack_start, stack_size, p, regs);
if (retval)
goto bad_fork_cleanup_namespace;
p->set_child_tid = (clone_flags & CLONE_CHILD_SETTID) ? child_tidptr : NULL;
/*
* Clear TID on mm_release()?
*/
p->clear_child_tid = (clone_flags & CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID) ? child_tidptr: NULL;
p->robust_list = NULL;
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
p->compat_robust_list = NULL;
#endif
/*
* sigaltstack should be cleared when sharing the same VM
*/
if ((clone_flags & (CLONE_VM|CLONE_VFORK)) == CLONE_VM)
p->sas_ss_sp = p->sas_ss_size = 0;
/*
* Syscall tracing should be turned off in the child regardless
* of CLONE_PTRACE.
*/
clear_tsk_thread_flag(p, TIF_SYSCALL_TRACE);
#ifdef TIF_SYSCALL_EMU
clear_tsk_thread_flag(p, TIF_SYSCALL_EMU);
#endif
/* Our parent execution domain becomes current domain
These must match for thread signalling to apply */
p->parent_exec_id = p->self_exec_id;
/* ok, now we should be set up.. */
p->exit_signal = (clone_flags & CLONE_THREAD) ? -1 : (clone_flags & CSIGNAL);
p->pdeath_signal = 0;
p->exit_state = 0;
/*
* Ok, make it visible to the rest of the system.
* We dont wake it up yet.
*/
p->group_leader = p;
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&p->thread_group);
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&p->ptrace_children);
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&p->ptrace_list);
/* Perform scheduler related setup. Assign this task to a CPU. */
sched_fork(p, clone_flags);
/* Need tasklist lock for parent etc handling! */
write_lock_irq(&tasklist_lock);
/*
* The task hasn't been attached yet, so its cpus_allowed mask will
* not be changed, nor will its assigned CPU.
*
* The cpus_allowed mask of the parent may have changed after it was
* copied first time - so re-copy it here, then check the child's CPU
* to ensure it is on a valid CPU (and if not, just force it back to
* parent's CPU). This avoids alot of nasty races.
*/
p->cpus_allowed = current->cpus_allowed;
if (unlikely(!cpu_isset(task_cpu(p), p->cpus_allowed) ||
!cpu_online(task_cpu(p))))
set_task_cpu(p, smp_processor_id());
/* CLONE_PARENT re-uses the old parent */
if (clone_flags & (CLONE_PARENT|CLONE_THREAD))
p->real_parent = current->real_parent;
else
p->real_parent = current;
p->parent = p->real_parent;
spin_lock(¤t->sighand->siglock);
/*
* Process group and session signals need to be delivered to just the
* parent before the fork or both the parent and the child after the
* fork. Restart if a signal comes in before we add the new process to
* it's process group.
* A fatal signal pending means that current will exit, so the new
* thread can't slip out of an OOM kill (or normal SIGKILL).
*/
recalc_sigpending();
if (signal_pending(current)) {
spin_unlock(¤t->sighand->siglock);
write_unlock_irq(&tasklist_lock);
retval = -ERESTARTNOINTR;
goto bad_fork_cleanup_namespace;
}
if (clone_flags & CLONE_THREAD) {
/*
* Important: if an exit-all has been started then
* do not create this new thread - the whole thread
* group is supposed to exit anyway.
*/
if (current->signal->flags & SIGNAL_GROUP_EXIT) {
spin_unlock(¤t->sighand->siglock);
write_unlock_irq(&tasklist_lock);
retval = -EAGAIN;
goto bad_fork_cleanup_namespace;
}
p->group_leader = current->group_leader;
list_add_tail_rcu(&p->thread_group, &p->group_leader->thread_group);
if (!cputime_eq(current->signal->it_virt_expires,
cputime_zero) ||
!cputime_eq(current->signal->it_prof_expires,
cputime_zero) ||
current->signal->rlim[RLIMIT_CPU].rlim_cur != RLIM_INFINITY ||
!list_empty(¤t->signal->cpu_timers[0]) ||
!list_empty(¤t->signal->cpu_timers[1]) ||
!list_empty(¤t->signal->cpu_timers[2])) {
/*
* Have child wake up on its first tick to check
* for process CPU timers.
*/
p->it_prof_expires = jiffies_to_cputime(1);
}
}
/*
* inherit ioprio
*/
p->ioprio = current->ioprio;
if (likely(p->pid)) {
add_parent(p);
if (unlikely(p->ptrace & PT_PTRACED))
__ptrace_link(p, current->parent);
if (thread_group_leader(p)) {
p->signal->tty = current->signal->tty;
p->signal->pgrp = process_group(current);
p->signal->session = current->signal->session;
attach_pid(p, PIDTYPE_PGID, process_group(p));
attach_pid(p, PIDTYPE_SID, p->signal->session);
list_add_tail_rcu(&p->tasks, &init_task.tasks);
__get_cpu_var(process_counts)++;
}
attach_pid(p, PIDTYPE_PID, p->pid);
nr_threads++;
}
total_forks++;
spin_unlock(¤t->sighand->siglock);
write_unlock_irq(&tasklist_lock);
proc_fork_connector(p);
return p;
bad_fork_cleanup_namespace:
exit_namespace(p);
bad_fork_cleanup_keys:
exit_keys(p);
bad_fork_cleanup_mm:
if (p->mm)
mmput(p->mm);
bad_fork_cleanup_signal:
cleanup_signal(p);
bad_fork_cleanup_sighand:
__cleanup_sighand(p->sighand);
bad_fork_cleanup_fs:
exit_fs(p); /* blocking */
bad_fork_cleanup_files:
exit_files(p); /* blocking */
bad_fork_cleanup_semundo:
exit_sem(p);
bad_fork_cleanup_audit:
audit_free(p);
bad_fork_cleanup_security:
security_task_free(p);
bad_fork_cleanup_policy:
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
mpol_free(p->mempolicy);
bad_fork_cleanup_cpuset:
#endif
cpuset_exit(p);
bad_fork_cleanup:
if (p->binfmt)
module_put(p->binfmt->module);
bad_fork_cleanup_put_domain:
module_put(task_thread_info(p)->exec_domain->module);
bad_fork_cleanup_count:
put_group_info(p->group_info);
atomic_dec(&p->user->processes);
free_uid(p->user);
bad_fork_free:
free_task(p);
fork_out:
return ERR_PTR(retval);
}
有許多沒有標成灰色字體的程式片斷，其實也應該先行省略不看，像是：資料結構的操作、spinlock、錯誤處理、變數初始化等等。
copy_process() 的關鍵在哪裡？
Trace 到這裡後，我會先就程式碼本身的實作，節錄「深入 sys_fork() 底層」相關的實作片斷。以下供您參考：
1. 新的 process description：
struct task_struct *p = NULL;
2. "dup" current 成為 p：
p = dup_task_struct(current); if (!p) goto fork_out;
3. copy_process() 會判斷目前的 process 數是否過多：
if (nr_threads >= max_threads) goto bad_fork_cleanup_count;
max_threads 是在 fork_init() 階段算出來的，可參考「Jollen 的 Linux 核心分享包,#3: fork_init()《講義6》」。
4. 開始 "copy" current 給新的 process：
if ((retval = copy_semundo(clone_flags, p))) goto bad_fork_cleanup_audit; if ((retval = copy_files(clone_flags, p))) goto bad_fork_cleanup_semundo; if ((retval = copy_fs(clone_flags, p))) goto bad_fork_cleanup_files; if ((retval = copy_sighand(clone_flags, p))) goto bad_fork_cleanup_fs; if ((retval = copy_signal(clone_flags, p))) goto bad_fork_cleanup_sighand; if ((retval = copy_mm(clone_flags, p))) goto bad_fork_cleanup_signal; if ((retval = copy_keys(clone_flags, p))) goto bad_fork_cleanup_mm; if ((retval = copy_namespace(clone_flags, p))) goto bad_fork_cleanup_keys; retval = copy_thread(0, clone_flags, stack_start, stack_size, p, regs); if (retval) goto bad_fork_cleanup_namespace;
作業還沒完
解析出精華的目的，當然是為了做「更深入」且「有效率」的研究。我用我的學習方法，呈現「Process Creation」系列專欄的推導過程；希望我的做法對您是真正有幫助的。
在繼續進行前，必須了解幾個基礎知識。Keyword 如下：
- process relationship
- process descriptor
- memory descriptor
「Process Creation」系列專欄到此告一段落，不過「作業」仍會完成，並不是就此結束。我會起另外一個專欄，來把剩下的 hacking 功課完成。
| Also See |
|
Jollen's Blog 使用 Github issues 與讀者交流討論。請點擊上方的文章專屬 issue，或 open a new issue
您可透過電子郵件 jollen@jollen.org，或是 Linkedin 與我連絡。更歡迎使用微信，請搜尋 WeChat ID：jollentw